IntroductionThe design of cyber-physical systems is more and more dependent on wireless networks, sensors and actuators that are connected together by IoT technology. Cyber Physical Systems (CPS) can include smart grids, autonomous car systems, process control systems, robotics automatic avionics and more 1.

Architecture photography is all about buildings, monuments, interiors, and exteriors. Either the images are for the purposes of art, or to document the aesthetic of a structure. For all the tips, tricks, techniques and information, read our complete guide here. Architecture photography is a lot slower than other fields.

Cyber Physical Systems (CPS) commonly contains both physical and a cyber-systems. The physical system is controlled by a system of networks comprising of some device sensors with wireless, computing and communicating abilities called a cyber-system. CPS focuses on physical systems, and triggering actions to improve the behaviour of a physical environment so that it can work much more correctly and better 2. The success of CPS system largely depends on efficient latency, throughput, range and low energy consumption of the connected devices. Wireless networking technologies are used with CPS to provide the design and platform for CPS. Understanding wireless networks principles and standards is thus important for effective CPS.

This report compares several wireless communication standards applied in the design of CPS in relation to specific measures. It also seeks to evaluate examples of wireless communication standards for CPS and IoT.

Additionally, it evaluates wireless network performances and suggests the best wireless standard to implement CPS. 1.Comparison of wireless communication technologiesWireless communication technologies can be compared using several factors including the following:Communication spectrumAll wireless technologies used varied communication spectrums. They are widely implemented for the infrared range (IR), radio frequencies (RF) and as transmission media. They operate in different wave bands and hence have frequencies that cannot interfere with each other. Many wireless technologies use radio spectrums of between 30MHz and 30 GHz because they are not affected by the curvature of the earth and only require moderately sized antennas 3. Communications spectrums for wireless systems are assigned in licensed frequency bands and differ according to country and region.Modulation techniquesModulation refers to the process of converting data into transmission signals. Wireless signals originally only had a single carrier frequency called Amplitude Modulation (AM), used for AM radio.

They were followed by Frequency Modulation (FM) and Digital Modulation for mobile systems. Other modulation techniques for wireless include Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO). The type of modulation affect the communication spectrum. Multicarrier modulation is currently being used by many wireless standards. It divides transmitted bits into very many streams and send them over multiple sub channels 3. Medium access control mechanismFor medium access control, wireless standards use Time Divisions Multiple Access (TDMA) which assigns time allocations to frequency between sender and receiver channels, Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) which sends wireless signals over a wide band, and Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) which allocates a frequency to a sender and receiver transmission channels.Network topologiesA network topology refers to the physical arrangement of devices in a network.

Different wireless standards implement different topologies. Both ZigBee and Z-Wave implement Mesh network device arrangement. Others including Bluetooth and Bluetooth low energy adopt a scattered device arrangement. The arrangement is based on whether a network has a hub or is working in a peer to peer fashion. 2.Cyber- physical systems and Internet of Things wireless communication standardsUHF RFID and NFCUltra High Frequency (UHF) Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a wireless communication protocol which uses electromagnetic signals to pinpoint and track object tags that containing electronic information 4. This technology therefore allows items to be uniquely identified using radio waves. On the other hand, Near Field Communication (NFC) is a technology that facilitates communication between two electronic devices when they are close to each other.

NFC is a specialized subcategory of the RFID technology that operates at 13.56 MHz frequency. Both RFID can be used in cyber physical systems with NFC designed enable a secure form of exchange of data 5. Active RFID systems have demonstrated great potential for connecting and building highly interrelated physical information systems 6. NFC technology is also used to facilitating peer-to-peer communication among devices in cyber physical systems.RFIDNFCOperating DistanceCan transmit beyond several metersLimited 10cm(4 inches)Frequency13.5 MHz13.5MHzUseWide range of useNeeded when security is requiredZigBee and Z-WaveBoth ZigBee and Z-Wave are popular wireless technologies for smart devices home automation.

Today, ZigBee technology is used to serve as a sensing and control wireless standard for cyber physical systems in residential, commercial, and industrial areas. ZigBee connects network devices in a mesh arrangement so that information can be transmitted from one device to the other until it reaches the network hub without the need for high-power transmitters. ZigBee requires very little power and devices can last for a long time with one set of batteries or use no batteries at all. Like ZigBee, Z-Wave is a wireless standard for home automation that is implemented for automated heating, lighting, security, appliances, and smart devices. Its original use was to help users remotely control and monitor their home smart devices.

A Z-Wave network hub serves as the network home controller and allows wireless communication between more 230 devices.Both use mesh topologies to connect sensor devices that can communicate signal across each other and back to the hub. Additionally, they use AES 128 encryption for security. However, ZigBee can handle high data rates since it operates in 2.4 GHz range whereas Z-Wave uses 908 MHz’s ZigBee can only transmit 35 feet compared to Z-wave 100 feet 7. Below is the summary of the comparison between ZigBee and Z-Wave.ZigBeeZ-WaveOperating Distance35 feet100 feetHubRequires hubRequires HubTopologyMeshMeshData Rate40- 250 kbps9.6 – 100 kbpsMax Network Devices65,000232Frequency915MHz/ 2.4908/ 916 MHzSecurityAES-128 symmetric encryptionAES-128 symmetric encryptionBluetooth and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE)Both classic Bluetooth and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) are wireless networking protocols designed to transmit data among devices that are near each other through radio transmissions with frequencies of 2. 48 GHz but use separate channels 8.

The technologies are used in stationary and mobile devices for connecting devices high security. Bluetooth Low Energy is an improved version of Bluetooth and has very low energy consumption, low cost and enhanced range 9. BLE can be very effective for cyber physical systems since applications can run on battery for close to 5 years and is always inactive until a connection is initiated. Both are good for sensors that require to exchange small amounts of data frequently. Below are summarized features for Bluetooth and BLE.BluetoothBluetooth Low Energy (BLE)Frequency2400–2480 MHz2400 MHzFrequency Channel79 1-MHz40 2-MHzEnergy ConsumptionHigh energy consumption (1 Watt)Low energy consumption (0.01–0.50 Watt)Security56 to 128 bit security layer128 bit Advanced Encryption StandardOperation distance100m100mTopologyScatternetScatternetCellular SystemsCellular systems represent a wireless communication technology where strategically located cells with low-power radio antennas exchange data over a wide area. Cells are interconnected through a central exchange and their identity, location and frequency is managed by several cells without interrupting transmission.

Cellular systems are becoming an integral part for cyber physical systems 10. They provide network coverage for devices and sensors on the move, support more connections, and reduce power consumption. They can be used for personal, public, industrial, and home automation including smart metering, lighting, livestock breeding, waste management, environment monitoring, irrigation and more.IEEE 802.11PIEEE 802.11p is a wireless communication technology and a modified version of IEEE 802.11. It is used to provide wireless access for vehicular communication systems 11. The standard included 802.11 enhancements that are needed to sustain Transportation Systems and applications. It facilitates data transmission amongst vehicles and roadside infrastructures and uses a frequency band of 5.9 GHz.Low-Power Wide Area NetworksLP-WANs are low-cost networks designed for applications that require limited data exchange. They implement long-lasting battery-powered sensors.

Unlike the wireless standards discussed above which are costly to design and maintain, LP-WANs include low cost hardware and installation, long-lifetime battery life, provide secure communications, and offer interoperability, and easy deployment 12. 3.Wireless Network PerformanceIn my opinion, Low Powered Area Network wireless standard will be a major standard for cyber physical systems across the globe. They provide low cost hardware and network installation.

LPWA consume the lowest energy compared to other standards. Other wireless technologies are therefore limited in terms of energy consumption. Additionally, cyber physical systems will be required to serve a diverse range of industries from health, manufacturing to automotive, and increasingly cover a wide range of applications and deployment scenarios.

Short range wireless technologies including Bluetooth, ZigBee, BLE, Z-Wave and the rest cannot work effectively and hence cannot ensure good connectivity.Benefits of LPWANs over other wireless standards. Low energy consumption with devices lasting over 10 years after system charge. Sends small amounts of optimized data.

Low device costs. Requires only a few stations/bases to operate. Easy to install. Covers both long and short distances. Provides authentic networks.

Sufficient network coverage and penetration. ConclusionTechnology is growing tremendously.

There’s increased growth of Cyber Physical systems and technologies such as IoT are progressively growing. More and more devices need to be connected to others for easy and fast data migration. As a result, it is important to seek and understand available wireless connecting options necessary for such systems for successful designs, operations, maintenance and sustainability. From the report, it is clear that there are many wireless communication standards that can be used to accommodate growing technology innovations including computer networks. Wireless technologies is one of the fastest growing sectors of the communication industry.

Cellular systems have expanded significantly in the last decade with cellular devices becoming an integral tool for both personal and business related operations. Additionally, wireless local area networks have replaced cabled networks at home and for businesses. Many new applications such as Low Powered Wide Area Networks (LPWA) have developed in order to enable low cost network installation and low cost power consumption. Many innovations including wireless sensor networks, automated factories, smart devices, smart home, smart farming, and telemedicine all require wireless communication for growth and sustainability. Internet of Things and cyber Physical Systems will continue to require stable and low power consumption wireless technologies as wireless communications will increasingly be required to support information exchange between devices and people in the coming decades. Since there are many wireless standards, and each has varying frequency bands, communication spectrum, modulation frequency and each may support a different topology, it is important to first understand the cyber system and physical system architecture in order to design, install and implement a suitable wireless technology to achieve maximum network performance optimality. IntroductionThe design of cyber-physical systems is more and more dependent on wireless networks, sensors and actuators that are connected together by IoT technology.

Cyber Physical Systems (CPS) can include smart grids, autonomous car systems, process control systems, robotics automatic avionics and more 1. Cyber Physical Systems (CPS) commonly contains both physical and a cyber-systems. The physical system is controlled by a system of networks comprising of some device sensors with wireless, computing and communicating abilities called a cyber-system. CPS focuses on physical systems, and triggering actions to improve the behaviour of a physical environment so that it can work much more correctly and better 2. The success of CPS system largely depends on efficient latency, throughput, range and low energy consumption of the connected devices. Wireless networking technologies are used with CPS to provide the design and platform for CPS. Understanding wireless networks principles and standards is thus important for effective CPS.

This report compares several wireless communication standards applied in the design of CPS in relation to specific measures. It also seeks to evaluate examples of wireless communication standards for CPS and IoT. Additionally, it evaluates wireless network performances and suggests the best wireless standard to implement CPS. 1.Comparison of wireless communication technologiesWireless communication technologies can be compared using several factors including the following:Communication spectrumAll wireless technologies used varied communication spectrums. They are widely implemented for the infrared range (IR), radio frequencies (RF) and as transmission media. They operate in different wave bands and hence have frequencies that cannot interfere with each other. Many wireless technologies use radio spectrums of between 30MHz and 30 GHz because they are not affected by the curvature of the earth and only require moderately sized antennas 3.

Communications spectrums for wireless systems are assigned in licensed frequency bands and differ according to country and region.Modulation techniquesModulation refers to the process of converting data into transmission signals. Wireless signals originally only had a single carrier frequency called Amplitude Modulation (AM), used for AM radio. They were followed by Frequency Modulation (FM) and Digital Modulation for mobile systems. Other modulation techniques for wireless include Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO). The type of modulation affect the communication spectrum. Multicarrier modulation is currently being used by many wireless standards. It divides transmitted bits into very many streams and send them over multiple sub channels 3.

Medium access control mechanismFor medium access control, wireless standards use Time Divisions Multiple Access (TDMA) which assigns time allocations to frequency between sender and receiver channels, Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) which sends wireless signals over a wide band, and Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) which allocates a frequency to a sender and receiver transmission channels.Network topologiesA network topology refers to the physical arrangement of devices in a network. Different wireless standards implement different topologies. Both ZigBee and Z-Wave implement Mesh network device arrangement.

Others including Bluetooth and Bluetooth low energy adopt a scattered device arrangement. The arrangement is based on whether a network has a hub or is working in a peer to peer fashion. 2.Cyber- physical systems and Internet of Things wireless communication standardsUHF RFID and NFCUltra High Frequency (UHF) Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a wireless communication protocol which uses electromagnetic signals to pinpoint and track object tags that containing electronic information 4. This technology therefore allows items to be uniquely identified using radio waves.

On the other hand, Near Field Communication (NFC) is a technology that facilitates communication between two electronic devices when they are close to each other. NFC is a specialized subcategory of the RFID technology that operates at 13.56 MHz frequency. Both RFID can be used in cyber physical systems with NFC designed enable a secure form of exchange of data 5.

Active RFID systems have demonstrated great potential for connecting and building highly interrelated physical information systems 6. NFC technology is also used to facilitating peer-to-peer communication among devices in cyber physical systems.RFIDNFCOperating DistanceCan transmit beyond several metersLimited 10cm(4 inches)Frequency13.5 MHz13.5MHzUseWide range of useNeeded when security is requiredZigBee and Z-WaveBoth ZigBee and Z-Wave are popular wireless technologies for smart devices home automation. Today, ZigBee technology is used to serve as a sensing and control wireless standard for cyber physical systems in residential, commercial, and industrial areas. ZigBee connects network devices in a mesh arrangement so that information can be transmitted from one device to the other until it reaches the network hub without the need for high-power transmitters.

ZigBee requires very little power and devices can last for a long time with one set of batteries or use no batteries at all. Like ZigBee, Z-Wave is a wireless standard for home automation that is implemented for automated heating, lighting, security, appliances, and smart devices. Its original use was to help users remotely control and monitor their home smart devices. A Z-Wave network hub serves as the network home controller and allows wireless communication between more 230 devices.Both use mesh topologies to connect sensor devices that can communicate signal across each other and back to the hub. Additionally, they use AES 128 encryption for security. However, ZigBee can handle high data rates since it operates in 2.4 GHz range whereas Z-Wave uses 908 MHz’s ZigBee can only transmit 35 feet compared to Z-wave 100 feet 7.

Below is the summary of the comparison between ZigBee and Z-Wave.ZigBeeZ-WaveOperating Distance35 feet100 feetHubRequires hubRequires HubTopologyMeshMeshData Rate40- 250 kbps9.6 – 100 kbpsMax Network Devices65,000232Frequency915MHz/ 2.4908/ 916 MHzSecurityAES-128 symmetric encryptionAES-128 symmetric encryptionBluetooth and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE)Both classic Bluetooth and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) are wireless networking protocols designed to transmit data among devices that are near each other through radio transmissions with frequencies of 2. 48 GHz but use separate channels 8. The technologies are used in stationary and mobile devices for connecting devices high security. Bluetooth Low Energy is an improved version of Bluetooth and has very low energy consumption, low cost and enhanced range 9. BLE can be very effective for cyber physical systems since applications can run on battery for close to 5 years and is always inactive until a connection is initiated.

Both are good for sensors that require to exchange small amounts of data frequently. Below are summarized features for Bluetooth and BLE.BluetoothBluetooth Low Energy (BLE)Frequency2400–2480 MHz2400 MHzFrequency Channel79 1-MHz40 2-MHzEnergy ConsumptionHigh energy consumption (1 Watt)Low energy consumption (0.01–0.50 Watt)Security56 to 128 bit security layer128 bit Advanced Encryption StandardOperation distance100m100mTopologyScatternetScatternetCellular SystemsCellular systems represent a wireless communication technology where strategically located cells with low-power radio antennas exchange data over a wide area. Cells are interconnected through a central exchange and their identity, location and frequency is managed by several cells without interrupting transmission.

Cellular systems are becoming an integral part for cyber physical systems 10. They provide network coverage for devices and sensors on the move, support more connections, and reduce power consumption. They can be used for personal, public, industrial, and home automation including smart metering, lighting, livestock breeding, waste management, environment monitoring, irrigation and more.IEEE 802.11PIEEE 802.11p is a wireless communication technology and a modified version of IEEE 802.11. It is used to provide wireless access for vehicular communication systems 11. The standard included 802.11 enhancements that are needed to sustain Transportation Systems and applications.

It facilitates data transmission amongst vehicles and roadside infrastructures and uses a frequency band of 5.9 GHz.Low-Power Wide Area NetworksLP-WANs are low-cost networks designed for applications that require limited data exchange. They implement long-lasting battery-powered sensors. Unlike the wireless standards discussed above which are costly to design and maintain, LP-WANs include low cost hardware and installation, long-lifetime battery life, provide secure communications, and offer interoperability, and easy deployment 12. 3.Wireless Network PerformanceIn my opinion, Low Powered Area Network wireless standard will be a major standard for cyber physical systems across the globe. They provide low cost hardware and network installation. LPWA consume the lowest energy compared to other standards. Other wireless technologies are therefore limited in terms of energy consumption.

Additionally, cyber physical systems will be required to serve a diverse range of industries from health, manufacturing to automotive, and increasingly cover a wide range of applications and deployment scenarios. Short range wireless technologies including Bluetooth, ZigBee, BLE, Z-Wave and the rest cannot work effectively and hence cannot ensure good connectivity.Benefits of LPWANs over other wireless standards. Low energy consumption with devices lasting over 10 years after system charge. Sends small amounts of optimized data. Low device costs. Requires only a few stations/bases to operate. Easy to install.

Covers both long and short distances. Provides authentic networks. Sufficient network coverage and penetration.

ConclusionTechnology is growing tremendously. There’s increased growth of Cyber Physical systems and technologies such as IoT are progressively growing.

More and more devices need to be connected to others for easy and fast data migration. As a result, it is important to seek and understand available wireless connecting options necessary for such systems for successful designs, operations, maintenance and sustainability. From the report, it is clear that there are many wireless communication standards that can be used to accommodate growing technology innovations including computer networks. Wireless technologies is one of the fastest growing sectors of the communication industry. Cellular systems have expanded significantly in the last decade with cellular devices becoming an integral tool for both personal and business related operations. Additionally, wireless local area networks have replaced cabled networks at home and for businesses.

Many new applications such as Low Powered Wide Area Networks (LPWA) have developed in order to enable low cost network installation and low cost power consumption. Many innovations including wireless sensor networks, automated factories, smart devices, smart home, smart farming, and telemedicine all require wireless communication for growth and sustainability.

Internet of Things and cyber Physical Systems will continue to require stable and low power consumption wireless technologies as wireless communications will increasingly be required to support information exchange between devices and people in the coming decades. Since there are many wireless standards, and each has varying frequency bands, communication spectrum, modulation frequency and each may support a different topology, it is important to first understand the cyber system and physical system architecture in order to design, install and implement a suitable wireless technology to achieve maximum network performance optimality. Looking for quality online? Visit MyAssignmenthelp.com to get acquainted with qualified math helpers who can do your homework on complex math problems. Interestingly, you can get a variety of starting from to. Just remember to specify your requirements and instructions while placing the request “” or “” at the website.

The best part about the math homework services at MyAssignmenthelp.com is that the price is quite reasonable, while the services are pretty fast. Also, you can always expect to receive an error-free solution from the experts. Latest Samples. Download:0 Pages:12. Course Code: BSO2003. University: University Of Northampton. Country: United KingdomAnswer:IntroductionMicrosoft Corporation is a company that deals with computer technology and is based in the United States of America.

The company is known to manufacture and license products that are related to software for the computer devices. One of the most popular products of the company is the operating system known as Microsoft Windows along with Microsoft Office. The products have gained sufficient popularity in the market and is. Download:0 Pages:6.

Course Code: ACCG923. University: Macquarie University. Country: AustraliaAnswer:IntroductionIn the given report, the company selected is BHP Billiton whose annual report of 2017 has been analysed for treatment of impairment in the books of accounts based on the requirement of the CFO of the company. The company is one the pioneer companies in Australia and listed on the Australian Stock Exchange as well as the London Stock exchange.

It employs more than 65000 people and has the presence worldwide (Alexander.

If you’re thinking of renovating your property, updating your home or simply have a love of architecture, we have compiled a list of the top architecture magazines you should read to help you with your process, or to keep up to date with recent advances in the world of architecture.1.Dezeen is a London based architecture, interiors and design magazine. Dezeen is the most influential and popular architecture and design magazine in the world and the winner of numerous awards for journalism and publishing.2.ArchDaily is an online blog focusing on architectural news, projects, products and events catering to architects, designers and other interested parties. ArchDaily is one of the most visited architecture websites worldwide with about 160 million page views per month.3.Designboom is a daily blog covering the fields of industrial design, architecture, and international art. Launched in 1999, the publication was the first web magazine to focus on these fields. Newsletters are also published daily.

4.Houzz is a website and online community discussing ideas surrounding architecture, interior design, decorating and home improvement. The forums on Houzz are used by the community to help solve each other’s problems.5.Architizer is a digital platform to aid architects in promoting their work, from this it developed into one of the largest platforms for architecture online. They have also grown to become the largest global architecture awards program.6.Wallpaper is a London based, architecture and design magazine. It also has a hugely popular online blog.

Wallpaper uses its blog to publish exclusive online features and interviews from global events, by Wallpaper editors.